Lena Horne Has Passed Away

She was an icon.  A woman whose career should have been so much more but was over-shadowed by the era in which she lived.  Her film parts were often cut out of films so that they could run in the South without any backlash.  She should have had the role of Julie in "Showboat", a role she was born to play.  Instead the part went to her good friend, Ava Gardner.

She helped break the color line in Las Vegas in an era when the city was known as the "Mississippi of the West".  She graced the stage of the Sands Hotel's Copa Room and refused to drive across town to stay in the boarding houses on the Westside.

Entertainment Director Jack Entratter supported her decision and allowed her to stay in the hotel.

In the early 1980s, she performed a critically acclaimed one-woman show, "Lena:  A Woman and Her Music" on Broadway (she won a Tony) and around the country.

RIP, Ms. Horne.  You will always be remembered:

From the NY Times:

Lena Horne, the enchanting jazz singer and actress known for her plaintive, signature song "Stormy Weather" and for her triumph over the bigotry that allowed her to entertain white audiences but not socialize with them, has died. She was 92.

Horne died Sunday at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, said hospital spokeswoman Gloria Chin, who would not release details.

Quincy Jones, a longtime friend and collaborator, was among those mourning her death Monday. He called her a "pioneering groundbreaker."

"Our friendship dated back more than 50 years and continued up until the last moment, her inner and outer beauty immediately bonding us forever," said Jones, who noted that they worked together on the film "The Wiz" and a Grammy-winning live album.

"Lena Horne was a pioneering groundbreaker, making inroads into a world that had never before been explored by African-American women, and she did it on her own terms," he added. "Our nation and the world has lost one of the great artistic icons of the 20th century. There will never be another like Lena Horne and I will miss her deeply."

"I knew her from the time I was born, and whenever I needed anything she was there. She was funny, sophisticated and truly one of a kind. We lost an original. Thank you Lena," Liza Minnelli said Monday. Her father, director Vincente Minnelli, brought Horne to Hollywood to star in "Cabin in the Sky," in 1943.

Horne, whose striking beauty often overshadowed her talent and artistry, was remarkably candid about the underlying reason for her success: "I was unique in that I was a kind of black that white people could accept," she once said. "I was their daydream. I had the worst kind of acceptance because it was never for how great I was or what I contributed. It was because of the way I looked."

In the 1940s, Horne was one of the first black performers hired to sing with a major white band, to play the Copacabana nightclub in New York City and when she signed with MGM, she was among a handful of black actors to have a contract with a major Hollywood studio.

In 1943, MGM Studios loaned her to 20th Century-Fox to play the role of Selina Rogers in the all-black movie musical "Stormy Weather." Her rendition of the title song became a major hit and her most famous tune.

Horne had an impressive musical range, from blues and jazz to the sophistication of Rodgers and Hart in such songs as "The Lady Is a Tramp" and "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered." In 1942's "Panama Hattie," her first movie with MGM, she sang Cole Porter's "Just One of Those Things," winning critical acclaim.

In her first big Broadway success, as the star of "Jamaica" in 1957, reviewer Richard Watts Jr. called her "one of the incomparable performers of our time." Songwriter Buddy de Sylva dubbed her "the best female singer of songs."

"It's just a great loss," said Janet Jackson in an interview on Monday. "She brought much joy into everyone's lives – even the younger generations, younger than myself. She was such a great talent. She opened up such doors for artists like myself."

Horne was perpetually frustrated with racism.

"I was always battling the system to try to get to be with my people. Finally, I wouldn't work for places that kept us out. ... It was a damn fight everywhere I was, every place I worked, in New York, in Hollywood, all over the world," she said in Brian Lanker's book "I Dream a World: Portraits of Black Women Who Changed America."

While at MGM, Horne starred in the all-black "Cabin in the Sky," but in most movies, she appeared only in musical numbers that could be cut when shown in the South and she was denied major roles and speaking parts. Horne, who had appeared in the role of Julie in a "Show Boat" scene in a 1946 movie about Jerome Kern, seemed a logical choice for the 1951 movie, but the part went to a white actress, Ava Gardner, who did not sing.

"Metro's cowardice deprived the musical (genre) of one of the great singing actresses," film historian John Kobal wrote.

"She was a very angry woman," said film critic-author-documentarian Richard Schickel, who worked with Horne on her 1965 autobiography.

"It's something that shaped her life to a very high degree. She was a woman who had a very powerful desire to lead her own life, to not be cautious and to speak out. And she was a woman, also, who felt in her career that she had been held back by the issue of race. So she had a lot of anger and disappointment about that."

Early in her career, Horne cultivated an aloof style out of self-preservation. Later, she embraced activism, breaking loose as a voice for civil rights and as an artist. In the last decades of her life, she rode a new wave of popularity as a revered icon of American popular music.

Her 1981 one-woman Broadway show, "Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music," won a special Tony Award, and the accompanying album, produced by Jones, earned her two Grammy Awards. (Horne won another Grammy, in 1995 for "An Evening With Lena Horne.") In it, the 64-year-old singer used two renditions – one straight and the other gut-wrenching – of "Stormy Weather" to give audiences a glimpse of the spiritual odyssey of her five-decade career.

Lena Mary Calhoun Horne was born in Brooklyn on June 30, 1917, to a leading family in black society. Her daughter, Gail Lumet Buckley, wrote in her 1986 book "The Hornes: An American Family" that among their relatives was Frank Horne, an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

She was largely raised by her grandparents as her mother, Edna Horne, who pursued a career in show business and father Teddy Horne separated. Lena dropped out of high school at age 16 and joined the chorus line at the Cotton Club, the fabled Harlem night spot where the entertainers were black and the clientele white. She left the club in 1935 to tour with Noble Sissle's orchestra, billed as Helena Horne, the name she continued using when she joined Charlie Barnet's white orchestra in 1940.

A movie offer from MGM came when she headlined a show at the Little Troc nightclub with the Katherine Dunham dancers in 1942.

Her success led some blacks to accuse Horne of trying to "pass" in a white world with her light complexion. Max Factor even developed an "Egyptian" makeup shade especially for her. But she refused to go along with the studio's efforts to portray her as an exotic Latina.

"I don't have to be an imitation of a white woman that Hollywood sort of hoped I'd become," Horne once said. "I'm me, and I'm like nobody else."

Horne was only 2 when her grandmother, a prominent member of the Urban League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, enrolled her in the NAACP. But she avoided activism until 1945 when she was entertaining at an Army base and saw German prisoners of war sitting up front while black American soldiers were consigned to the rear.

That pivotal moment channeled her anger into something useful.

She got involved in various social and political organizations and, partly because of a friendship with singer-actor-activist Paul Robeson, was blacklisted during the red-hunting McCarthy era.

By the 1960s, Horne was one of the most visible celebrities in the civil rights movement, once throwing a lamp at a customer who made a racial slur in a Beverly Hills restaurant and, in 1963, joining 250,000 others in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom when Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. Horne also spoke at a rally that year with another civil rights leader, Medgar Evers, just days before his assassination.

The next decade brought her first to a low point, then to a fresh burst of artistry. She appeared in her last movie in 1978, playing Glinda the Good in "The Wiz," directed by her son-in-law, Sidney Lumet.

Horne had married MGM music director Lennie Hayton, a white man, in Paris in 1947 after her first overseas engagements in France and England. An earlier marriage to Louis J. Jones had ended in divorce in 1944 after producing daughter Gail and a son, Teddy.

Her father, her son and Hayton all died in 1970 and 1971, and the grief-stricken singer secluded herself, refusing to perform or even see anyone but her closest friends. One of them, comedian Alan King, took months persuading her to return to the stage, with results that surprised her.

"I looked out and saw a family of brothers and sisters," she said. "It was a long time, but when it came I truly began to live."

And she discovered that time had mellowed her bitterness.

"I wouldn't trade my life for anything," she said, "because being black made me understand."

Mid-Mod Wowzem at Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas

From Dennis McBride at the Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas:

The April 24 opening reception for the Mid-Modern Las Vegas exhibit at the Nevada State Museum was a hit, drawing more than 130 people. The exhibit had been eagerly anticipated by Las Vegas’s community of Mid-Modders, as well as architects, historic preservationists, and realtors. The museum’s docents served a buffet from Mid-Century Modern dishware and several of them dressed the part. Many of those who attended the reception also dressed from the 1950s and ‘60s. Among the notable guests were realtor “Uncle Jack” LeVine; artist and Mid-Mod collector Diane Bush; Atomic Age Alliance founders Mary-Margaret and Carey Stratton, whose restored home in Paradise Palms was featured in the exhibit; Las Vegas Night Beat publisher Bill Schafer; realtor “Downtown Steve;” and curators from the Las Vegas Springs Preserve and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

In addition, Bill Mitchell, his wife, Barbara, and son Scott flew in for the reception from Florida and New Jersey: Bill is the son of Jay Florian Mitchell, whose historic photographs of Mid-Century Las Vegas compose most of the exhibit. Steve Cochran, grandson of Mid-Century Las Vegas designer and builder Lee Cochran, attended with his family. Lee Cochran’s 1964 Mason Manor home development is featured in the exhibit; homeowners from Mason Manor were also on hand to meet the Cochran family and talk about the history of their homes.

Scott, Barbara and Bill Mitchell

Ray and Steve Cochran

Mid-Century Modern Las Vegas is the last big exhibit the Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas will present before its 2011 move into a new building at the Las Vegas Springs Preserve.

Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas Director David Millman and Mid-Century Modern buff

Diane Bush studies the Pyrex

Studying more of the Exhibit

Dennis McBride and Tom Dyer

"Uncle" Jack Levine with some of his favorite buildings

Mid-Century Modern Las Vegas at the Nevada State Museum: How the Exhibit Works

Dateline:  Las Vegas

Guest Blogger:  Dennis McBride, Curator of History, Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas

 

When Lynn asked me to guest blog about the Nevada State Museum’s upcoming Mid-Century Modern Las Vegas exhibit, she wanted me to share how I chose the images that will be exhibited, and how I decided what examples of Mid-Century domestic and decorative arts to use in the cases.

Museum patrons who see finished exhibits don’t know what goes into building displays--they either like what they see or they don’t, and that depends upon how well or how badly the curator has put everything together. I work with a great deal of intuition, but once in awhile--accidentally, it seems--I work deliberately. Lemme see what I can tell you about our new exhibit.

To be frank, I didn’t know very much about Mid-Century Modern architecture and style until the Lynn and the museum sponsored the Mid-Century event last October 3. I got hooked, and wanted to do something with material that no one had seen before, or had not seen in more than a generation. The museum has in its archives the photograph collection of J. Florian Mitchell, who was renowned as a photographer in New York in the 1920s, ‘30s, and ‘40s, before coming to Las Vegas in the early 1950s.

When I came to work here in 2007, part of my self-appointed task was to reorganize the photo collection and make it more accessible. When I dug through Mitchell’s thousands of prints and negatives in the museum’s vault, I was astounded at the breadth of his Las Vegas subjects, which included images photographers ordinarily wouldn’t care much about recording. In addition to hotels, casinos, and Las Vegas celebrities, I found images of long vanished shopping centers, banks, motels, restaurants, schools, and government buildings. Nearly all of these were taken in the 1950s and ‘60s, during the height of the Mid-Century Modern movement. I saw images that gave me an entirely different idea of what Las Vegas once looked like, and how perfectly it fit into the Mid-Mod style for a relatively brief period of time. How could I publicize these photos in a way that would inspire Las Vegans to look at their city’s past in a different way? Motivated by Lynn’s enthusiasm, I started planning a Mid-Century Modern exhibit of Las Vegas’s past.

With so many images to choose from, how would I pick what best represented Las Vegas architecture in the 1950s and ‘60s? Lynn made an initial search through the collection, and I made a second and third, mining the negatives for what I thought people might like to see. Rather than choose images of familiar landmarks, I largely chose photos of buildings that are either vanished or so changed that their present appearance bears no resemblance to the original. For example, the original McCarran International Airport today seems mysterious, alien, and beautiful in its Mid-Modern simplicity. The original rotunda of the Las Vegas Convention Center seems far more substantial than the present stack of boring blocks. Maude Frazier Hall at UNLV sits behind its lawn looking cool, elegant, and more inviting than the gravel lot that replaced it last year. With these and other images, I’ve tried to show that Las Vegas then was far more architecturally daring and beautiful than it is today.

So far, so good for the images--but I also wanted the exhibit to ground patrons in that period in a way that two-dimensional images cannot. I needed artifacts that people could relate to personally. I decided to include an exhibit of Mid-Century “domestic and decorative arts.” Think dishes, pots and pans, utensils, ashtrays, vases, cook books and recipe boxes. How would such objects convey a sense of Mid-Century modernity? Through their shape, their material, and their use. When people think of the 1950s and ‘60s from this perspective, they think of Pyrex, Tupperware, and Melmac; they think biomorphic, boomerangs, parabolas, rounded squares, domes; they think pink, turquoise, and chartreuse. We took those shapes and colors as the frame for the exhibit hall, and then I went on a six-month search through Goodwill, Salvation Army, Savers, and whatever yard sales I drove by for exhibit items. I built a case of colorful melamine dishware; fanciful Pyrex casseroles, carafes, butter dishes and nested bowls; bright orange Tupperware measuring spoons; a set of Russel Wright’s American Modern dishes in chartreuse, with their strange biomorphic shapes; a vintage Teflon-coated sauce pan with a sweeping lid; a garish green-and-gold leaf dish from a California pottery; and a black, understated Hyalyn pottery bowl.

These are artifacts to which people can relate: Grandma cooked green-bean casseroles in a Pyrex bowl just like that Moon Deco piece with the big red dot; Mom kept a pair of Scandinavian Modern candlesticks just like those on the sideboard in her dining room; my uncle, who smoked Chesterfields, kept an ashtray like that on his nightstand; we thought nothing of eating chicken rolled in bleached white flour and fried in Crisco.

That’s how we did it, and we hope you like it. Mid-Century Modern Las Vegas will be the last major exhibit the Nevada State Museum presents before its move in 2011 to new digs at the Las Vegas Springs Preserve.

Mid-Century Modern Exhibit at the Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas

This is going to be a wonderful event.  Dennis McBride, Tom Dyer, Wes, Paul and the crew at the State Museum have been working on this exhibit for months.  Some of the decorative arts on display are from Dennis' own fabulous Mid-Century Modern collection.

The photos, of course, are from the wonderful J. Florian Mitchell collection that we have talked about here and that were part of the inspiration for our wonderful Mid-Century Modern day last fall.

I am hoping that Dennis can do a blog piece about choosing the photos and items for the exhibit so stay tuned.

In the meantime, be sure to RSVP to Stacy Irvin as you don't want to miss this wonderful homage to Mid-Century Modern Las Vegas!